This book holds a unique place in the optics literature. Dec 19, 2006 continuing the bestselling tradition of the authors previous books, lens design, fourth edition is still the most complete and reliable guide for detailed design information and procedures for a wide range of optical systems. Several lens design software packages are available to students so that they become. In lens design with large computers, proceedings of the conference, institute of optics, government superintendent, rochester, new york. Feb 05, 2010 im not sure, but i think that by gaussian lens design you mean the configuration initially used by the zeiss planar. Coating lenses with up to a dozen or more different layers of chemicals to suppress reflections across the visual spectrum instead of at only one. Rudolph who designed the protar and tessar modified the double gauss design by using a pair of thick cemented elements for the inner element of the lens. Design of doublegauss objective by using concentric lenses. Conceptual lens design by the masters, without using expensive software, but a spreadsheet.
In the late 1950s, altman and kingslake developed such a 100mm focallength double gauss lens, shown in figure. Im not sure, but i think that by gaussian lens design you mean the configuration initially used by the zeiss planar. The wavefront at the exit pupil gives the lens designer a sense of the state of optical correction, as well as a visual clue of the amount of vignetting present. Reading surface level material compared to actually moving your pencil and doing things can make all the difference in becoming an expert lens designer.
This type of lens was derived from a telescope objective originally designed by c. Smith reveals timetested methods for designing topquality lenses. He never published a book or scientific papers of his lens design process and. Beginners and experts alike will turn to this book as. There were many lens designers that attempted to improve coma of the double gauss design over the years, some by adding more cemented surfaces to the negative lenses with a triplet and creating a strong curvature of the cemented surface warmischam, usp 2760, some by making the first lens a cemented lens and breaking the symmetry berek. The method of lens design the achromatic doublet the airspaced triplet triplet modifications petzval lenses double gauss and near symmetric types telephoto lenses inverted telephoto lens verywideangle lenses eyepieces microscope objectives inwater lenses afocal optical systems relay lenses catadioptric and mirror optical systems periscope. The doublegauss form has many local minima and this design is stuck in a very short version of the normal doublegauss design. The four basic designs dis cussed in this report include an optimized spherical lens and three lenses incorporating aspheric surfaces. Much better performance will result if the design is coaxed or forced out of this minimum, mostly by having a shorter. Lens design crc press book there is no shortage of lens optimization software on the market to deal with todays complex optical systems for all sorts of custom and standardized applications. The design procedure described is based on the work of walter mandler. Figure 2 shows the exitpupil wavefront for a double gauss lens onaxis and the edge of the field. The process of designing lenses is both an art and a science.
The tessar, heliar, and other compounded triplets doublemeniscus anastigmats the biotar or doublegauss lens telephoto lenses reversed telephoto. The double gauss lens look the most normal, and the focal length is inside the lens, and. Double gauss and near symmetric types lens design taylor. While primarily a bible for the lens designer, practical computeraided lens design by gregory hallock smith serves also as a handbook for the optical systems engineer and as a source of historical and useful information for the technically minded photographer and astronomer. A procedure for the design of basic double gauss lenses has been developed that uses fifthorder interpolating aberrations in the framework of a dampedleastsquares program. Basic optical engineering for engineers and scientists spie. Optical lenses have many important applications, from telescopes and spectacles, to microscopes and lasers. The chosen lens is the double gauss described in modern lens design 2nd edition, by w. The double gauss lens is a compound lens used mostly in camera lenses that reduces optical. One selection from modern lens design, 2nd edition book. This is traditionally called a double gauss because back around 1817 carl gauss himself did a 3element telescope objective and in 1888 alvin clark put 2 of them back to back to make a camera lens.
Doublegauss designs are good for normal or slightly narrow angles of view, fast aperture, plus fairly flat field. The double gauss became the preferred normal lens design in the 1950s with the availability of antireflection coating and new generation extra high refractive index rare earth optical glasses. Nov 10, 2019 september 5, 2014 25 double gauss designs posted for the first posting to this site, ive chosen doublegauss designs, posted to the photographic primes page. The double gauss lens consists of two backtoback gauss lenses making two positive meniscus lenses on the outside with two negative meniscus lenses inside them. The lure of wide aperture has always been impossible to ignore and the same dr. The initial approximations for achromatic doublets of the. There are two main optical lens design forms that competed for the top spot of the normal lens in the formative years of photographic cameras for lenses. The double gauss lens is a compound lens used in camera lenses that reduces optical aberrations over a large focal plane. Get brushed up on your mathematics before you start. The basement of these wideangle lenses can be considered as the double gauss lens 17, which is a compoundtype lens of a positive and negative meniscus lenses on the object side and the image. Field guide to lens design 2012 bentley publications. Our 10 favorite vintage lenses you can buy right now.
Smith, and optical system design robert fischer, introduction to lens design. The double gauss lens consists of two backtoback gauss lenses a design with a positive meniscus lens on the object side and a negative meniscus lens on the image. The task was thought to be impossible due to the characteristics of the symmetrical, and therefore bulky, double gauss lens design. The mathematician gauss once suggested that a telescope objective could be made with two meniscusshaped elements, the advantage being that such a system would be free from spherochromatism. However, this arrangement has other serious disadvantages and it has not. Now it happens that 50mm lenses for 35mm film can be simple symmetrical double gauss designs with outstanding optical results. Practical computeraided lens design by gregory hallock smith. The right principal plane of this double gauss lens can be found by. The ultimate guide to lens design using the classic spreadsheet method. Warren j smith this text features new and updated lens design tables as well as comprehensive instruction in the lens design process, both traditional and cad. Petzval objective, the cooke triplet lens, and the double gauss lens.
Third order aberrations lens parameters relationship and optimization results are discussed. Conrady in applied optics and optical design and rudolph kingslake in lens design. The symmetry of the system and the splitting of the optical power into many elements reduces the optical aberrations within the system. Continuing the bestselling tradition of the authors previous books, lens design, fourth edition is still the most complete. Minimizing pupil aberration is one of the optical design goals. Dec 04, 2012 the design procedure described is based on the work of walter mandler. These zemax models are all based on patent literature. Therefore, we need to start the design of a doublegausstype lens with a focal length of 50 mm as illustrated in figure 1. You will have to know some mathematics but if you want to try your hand at some lens design then this is a good place to get started.
Abstract instead of following the historical path of its development, the modern double gauss lens in its many forms is synthesized from the ground up. He deals with lens design software, primarily oslo, by far the current market leaders, and. September 5, 2014 25 double gauss designs posted for the first posting to this site, ive chosen doublegauss designs, posted to the photographic primes page. Jun 28, 2008 if i had had to choose one single field of view for a prime lens for a dslr it would still be the old normal 50mm film equivalent. But all of these software packages share one critical flaw.
Techspec dg series fixed focal length lenses utilize a double gauss design to provide highperformance, low distortion, compact size, and exceptional value, while exceeding the performance of typically available fixed focal length lenses. A lot of camera books and lens books sometimes explain the history of double gauss lenses and other lens forms. Nakamura was tasked with shrinking a supposedly unshrinkable design, the double gauss planar, for zeiss obsessives lens design used in the nikkor 50mm f2. Zeiss planar lens double gauss historical aspects 1888 double gauss, alvan clark 1890 protar 1892 dagor 1893 cooke triplet 1897 zeiss planar 1902 tessar paul rudolph germany dennis taylor england a very important lens design with many variations and expansions. Barry johnson, in lens design fundamentals second edition, 2010. Four wideaperture 50mm lenses left compared to a 24mm f2. Unlike the first edition, which was more a collection of lens designs for use in larger projects, the 2nd edition of modern lens design is an optical howto. The design procedure described is based on the work of walter. Nov 12, 2004 unlike the first edition, which was more a collection of lens designs for use in larger projects, the 2nd edition of modern lens design is an optical howto. Introduction to lens design by jose sasian nook book ebook. The double gauss lens is a compound lens used mostly in camera lenses that reduces optical aberrations over a large focal plane. Much better performance will result if the design is coaxed or forced out of this minimum, mostly by having a shorter central airspace and a longer back focus due to a stronger back meniscus lens. Lens design fundamentals, second edition, is the most comprehensive treatise to be published on the subject of lens design. Goes through the design of the tessar, double gauss etc.
Its a classic 6element, 4group, single coated, double gauss design that debuted in 1956, and was produced until the 70s in exakta and m42 screw mount. It is rare to find such widespread utility in a single technical book. This concise, introductory book provides an overview of the subtle art of lens design. This presentation is a brief introduction to the double gauss photographic lens. Heres a quick recap of the two major competing lens design forms postwwii. A design example of a doublegauss lens is constructed using methods.
A 75mm double gauss type fixed focal length lens focused at two different working distances. The double gauss lens consists of two backtoback gauss lenses a design with a positive meniscus lens on the object side and a negative meniscus lens on the image side making two positive meniscus lenses on the outside with two negative meniscus lenses inside them. This tutorial shows how to set up a multielement objective lens. Design of basic double gauss lenses spie digital library. Beginners and experts alike will turn to this book as the. A procedure for the design of basic double gauss lenses has been developed that uses fifthorder interpolating aberrations in the framework of a. It adds impressive building blocks to the foundation established by a. Lens design fourth edition edition 4 by milton laikin. Conrady in applied optics and optical design and rudolph kingslake in lens design fundamentals, first edition. The concentric lenses symmetrical about the stop constitute the first order doublegauss. Introduction to lens design by jose sasian september 2019.
The equivalent prism for the doubleconvex lens at the given beam height h. The basement of these wideangle lenses can be considered as the doublegauss lens 17, which is a compoundtype lens of a positive and negative meniscus lenses on the object side and the image. These days you can start a new design from a gazillion doublegauss design patents or just enter some design data that give a drawing that looks like a doublegauss and then computer optimize. While advancements in the field over the past two centuries have done much to transform it from the former category to the latter, much of the lens design process remains encapsulated in the experience and knowledge of industry veterans. Aug 18, 2011 the lens on the top right is a 24mm and bottom right 5mm, neither of which are based on a double gauss design. Delving deep into the mechanics of lens design, optics legend warren j. The top lens is focused at optical infinity, and the bottom lens is focused at 200mm away from it a 200mm working distance. If i had had to choose one single field of view for a prime lens for a dslr it would still be the old normal 50mm film equivalent. There is no shortage of lens optimization software on the market to deal with todays complex optical systems for all sorts of custom and standardized applications. It covers the fundamental, optical theory, and the practical methods and tools employed in lens design. Although i have taken a great deal of effort to assure accuracy, the user of any of.
Oct 29, 2019 enter nikon lens designer souichi nakamura. The wavefront at the exit pupil gives the lens designer a sense of the state of optical correction, as well as a visual clue of the amount of vignetting present as a function of field position. Finally, rudolph came up with a novel technique to correct for the chromatic aberrations. Each step is analyzed in simple terms, mainly by considering the contributions to the petzvalsum correction by means of bending, spacing, and index difference, and by evaluating some. There were many lens designers that attempted to improve coma of the double gauss design over the years, some by adding more cemented surfaces to the negative lenses with a triplet and creating a strong curvature of the cemented surface warmischam. The ultimate guide to lens design using the classic. Students are expected to develop an understanding of lens design fundamentals and to comprehend in detail how classical lenses work, from the landscape lens to the double gauss lens. Its very well made mechanically, and was offered in a number of minor cosmetic versions.
Gauss double gauss flattening the field by thick use of a thick meniscus lens recall the protar alternate solution using the technique of doubling a lens astigmatism by stop location spherical aberration by meniscus bending, thickness use of the symmetry principle first use of buried surfaces aberrations are not quite interdependent as in cooke triplet referred as a double gauss lens need to properly label. With practical zemax examples joseph geary, are all great books, just to name a few. In this new edition of smiths book, the focus has changed with the times. A complete breakdown of the double gauss lens design and the sonnar lens. Milton laikin draws on his varied and extensive experience, ranging from innovative cinematographic and specialeffects. In 35mm, fullframe, nikon interchangeable lens world, most all of the 50, 55, 85, and 105except the old 1044 micro, and the historic 1052. Sep 01, 2017 the double gauss form has many local minima and this design is stuck in a very short version of the normal double gauss design. Lens design is, therefore, a strong component of a wellrounded education in optics, and a skill valued by industries employing optical engineers.
Lens design fundamentals rudolf kingslake, applied optics and optical design part 1 and part 2 a. Albrecht wilhelm tronnier 19021982 while he was working for jos. It is one of the basic forms of anastigmatic photographic lenses and consists of a nearly symmetric arrangement of elements about a central stop. The opic type double gauss design with optical ray traces. Designing a doublegauss lens, the hard way slideshare. A 75mm double gausstype fixed focal length lens focused at two different working distances. It proceeds from a rough model directly to a solution. In the pantheon of fast doublegauss lenses from the 20th century, the sonnar, biotar, and planar, are well known. The blue solid lines are the ray trajectory through the lens or the equivalent prism abc. The symmetry of the system and the splitting of the optical power into many. Continuing the bestselling tradition of the authors previous books, lens design, fourth edition is still the most complete and reliable guide for detailed design information and procedures for a wide range of optical systems.
There are about half as many lens designs in the new edition, and the. In the late 1950s, altman and kingslake developed such a 100mm focallength doublegauss lens, shown in figure. But theres also a lesserknown lens that is their equal. Reective 28 singlets 29 achromatic doublets 30 airspaced doublets 31 cooke triplet 32 double gauss 33 petzval lens 34 telephoto lenses 35 retrofocus and wideangle lenses 36 refractive versus reective systems 37 obscurations 38 newtonian and cassegrain 39 field guide to lens design. F focal point of the lens or it is the focal length relative of point o. Jengdang juang and mingwen chang design of doublegauss objective by using concentric lenses. Mar 10, 2019 in the pantheon of fast doublegauss lenses from the 20th century, the sonnar, biotar, and planar, are well known. These days you can start a new design from a gazillion double gauss design patents or just enter some design data that give a drawing that looks like a double gauss and then computer optimize.
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